What Do you Need?
Four of these clues are needed to find the chosen number on this grid and four are true but do nothing to help in finding the number. Can you sort out the clues and find the number?
Age
7 to 11
Challenge level
Problem
What do you need to find a number chosen from this hundred square?
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Four of the clues below are true but do nothing to help in finding the number.
Four of the clues are necessary for finding it.
Here are eight clues to use:
- The number is greater than 9.
- The number is not a multiple of 10.
- The number is a multiple of 7.
- The number is odd.
- The number is not a multiple of 11.
- The number is less than 200.
- Its ones digit is larger than its tens digit.
- Its tens digit is odd.
What is the number?
Getting Started
You could print off this sheet of the problem and mark or shade the grid somehow.
Which clue can you immediately see is not needed?
Which clue gives you the same information as the last two clues?
Student Solutions
We received many, many solutions to this What Do You Need? problem, but not so many of you explained how you came to the solution and which clues were useful and which weren't.
Just to warn you - the clues are ordered slightly differently on the printable sheet compared with in the problem itself so do read the solutions below carefully!
Holly from Sacred Heart School in New Zealand told us:
* statement 1 does not help because by following the other clues you can tell that you need more than 1 digit to find the answer and the only multiple of 7 smaller than 9 is 7, which consists of only 1 digit.
* statement 2 does not help because the ones digit has to be larger than the tens digit and the only multiple of 7 and 10 is 70 and the 0 is smaller than the 7
* statement 3 helps because being a multiple of 7 cancels out a lot of numbers that could have been possibilities.
* statement 4 helps because by being an odd number it too cancels out a lot of other possibilities
* statement 5 does not help because the only multiple of 7 and 11 is 77 and the ones digit has to be bigger than the tens digit and the two digits in 77 are even (even - meaning the same, I think) .
* statement 6 does not help because you can only choose the numbers from 1-100, and those numbers are all below 200 anyway, so that statement is completely worthless.
* statement 7 helps because by using it there will only be a few numbers left to choose from.
* statement 8 helps because by using it you can easily narrow the number down so that there is only one left.
The only number left after using all of the useful clues is 35
Children at St Faith's School worked together and sent us the following solution
The rules you need (in order) are:- The number is odd (so cross out all the columns of even numbers). This is the most important rule because you can get rid of half of the numbers very quickly.
- The tens digit is odd (so cross out all the rows that have even tens numbers. These are 0-9; 20-29; 40-49; 60-69 and 80-89). We decided that all the numbers in the row 0-9 counted as numbers with an even tens number as the tens numbers in this row all equal zero and if we say that an even number is one which doesn't leave a remainder when you divide by 2 then zero counts as an even number. This rule is important because it helps us cross out 25 more numbers.
- The number is a multiple of 7 (so cross out all numbers that are not in the seven times table). There are now only three numbers left: 35, 77 and 91.
- Its ones digit is larger than its tens digit (so cross out all numbers that have a number in the ones (units) column the same as or less than the number in the tens). This rule lets you cross out two of the remaining three numbers to leave the correct answer.
This leaves the number 35 so 35 is the correct answer.
The rules we didn't need were:
- The number is less than 200: you don't need this rule because all the numbers are less than 200 already so none would get crossed out!
- The number is greater than 9: you don't need this rule because numbers 0-9 have zero tens and all these numbers get crossed out later in the problem when you cross out all the numbers that have an even number in the tens.
- The number is not a multiple of ten: you don't need this rule because you have already crossed out all the multiples of tens when you crossed out all the even numbers.
- The number is not a multiple of 11: you don't need this rule because at the end when there are three numbers left (35, 77 and 91) if you used this rule you would only cross out 77 and still have two numbers left and need to use a 5th rule to choose between them so it is better for the last rule to be 'Its ones digit is larger than its tens digit' as this gets rid of two numbers and leaves the right answer.
Cong also explained clearly how he went about the problem:
The number is 35. The way I worked it out is:
I started with 'The number is a multiple of 7' : With that clue only 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91 and 98 are left.
Next, 'The number is odd' : With that clue only 7, 21, 35, 49, 63, 77 and 91 are left.
Next, 'Its ones digit is larger than its tens digit' : With that clue only 35 and 49 are left.
Lastly, 'Its tens digit is odd' left me with 35.
The clues that you need are:
The number is a multiple of 7.
The number is odd.
Its ones digit is larger than its tens digit.
Its tens digit is odd.
The clues that you don't need are:
The number is greater than 9.
The number is not a multiple of 10.
The number is not a multiple of 11.
The number is less than 200.
The number is 35.
Thank you in particular to Vasil from Slivern, Bulgaria; Isobel from Springfield Primary; and Alex who also sent us clear solutions.
Teachers' Resources
What Do You Need?
What do you need to find a chosen number from this hundred square?
Image
Four of the clues below are true but do nothing to help in finding the number.
Four of the clues are necessary for finding it.
Here are eight clues to use:
- The number is greater than $9$.
- The number is not a multiple of $10$.
- The number is a multiple of $7$.
- The number is odd.
- The number is not a multiple of $11$.
- The number is less than $200$.
- Its ones digit is larger than its tens digit.
- Its tens digit is odd.
Can you sort out the four clues that help and the four clues that do not help in finding it?
Why do this problem?
This problem is an accessible context in which pupils can apply their knowledge of number properties. It is a great opportunity to get children explaining their reasoning to others.
Possible approach
Before trying this problem, it would be useful for the class to work on One of Thirty Six , perhaps in pairs. One of Thirty Six introduces the idea of using information in a particular order, which also applies to this problem.
Having discussed the solution of One of Thirty Six, present this problem to the group. (It might be useful to print out copies of it from this sheet.) Before setting the children off on this new challenge, ask whether they can already suggest some clues that are not needed. For example, the
most obvious thing might be that the "less than $200$" clue is redundant, given the grid only goes up to $99$. Suggest that pairs work on the problem, recording whatever and however they find useful. Let them know that you will be asking them to explain and justify their reasoning, as opposed to simply focusing on the answer, in the plenary.
Key questions
Which clues do you have to have to find the number?
Which clues don't tell you any more information?
Can you explain why?
Possible extension
Children could make up their own similar problem for a partner to work on. The challenge here is to include exactly four clues that are needed and exactly four that are superfluous.
Possible support
Encouraging children to shade or colour the grid somehow to reflect the information in each clue at a time might be helpful. Having the clues written on individual pieces of paper is a good way for each one to be read individually, and they can be grouped easily according to which are useful and which are not.