Advanced Problem Solving Module 21

Advanced Problem Solving Module 21

This module shares a selection of "unusual" STEP and other advanced mathematics examinations questions and offers advice on solving problems that do not fit easily into a topic category.
What is an "unusual" STEP and other advanced mathematics examinations question, and how might you solve such a thing?

Probably a Code? 

Age 16 to 18
Challenge Level
Is the regularity shown in this encoded message noise or structure?

Torus Patterns 

Age 16 to 18
Challenge Level
How many different colours would be needed to colour these different patterns on a torus?