### Pair Sums

Five numbers added together in pairs produce: 0, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15 What are the five numbers?

### Summing Consecutive Numbers

15 = 7 + 8 and 10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4. Can you say which numbers can be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive integers?

### Big Powers

Three people chose this as a favourite problem. It is the sort of problem that needs thinking time - but once the connection is made it gives access to many similar ideas.

# Areas from Vectors

##### Age 11 to 16

Tony computed the answers for some particular cases.

For $\mathbf{p}=\left(\begin{array}{c}3\\ 0\end{array}\right), \mathbf{q}=\left(\begin{array}{c}5 \\ 2\end{array}\right)$ the area is $6$ units squared ($=3\times 2-0\times 5$)
For $\mathbf{p}=\left(\begin{array}{c}3 \\ 2\end{array}\right), \mathbf{q}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0 \\ 4\end{array}\right)$ the area is $12$ units squared ($=3\times 4-2\times 0$)
For $\mathbf{p}=\left(\begin{array}{c}4 \\ 1\end{array}\right), \mathbf{q}=\left(\begin{array}{c}3 \\ 3\end{array}\right)$ the area is $9$ units squared ($=4\times 3-1\times 3$)
For $\mathbf{p}=\left(\begin{array}{c}2 \\ 4\end{array}\right), \mathbf{q}=\left(\begin{array}{c}-1 \\ 3\end{array}\right)$ the area is $10$ units squared ($=2\times 3-4\times (-1)$)

James, Jamie and George from Gillingham School sent us their formula for the area of the general parallelogram.

$$a d-b c\ \text{ (or } bc-ad\text{ if } bc>ad)$$

Here's one way to work that out.

Remember that $\mathbf{p}=\left(\begin{array}{c}a \\ b\end{array}\right)$ and $\mathbf{q}=\left(\begin{array}{c}c\\d\end{array}\right)$.

The diagram shows the parallelogram inside a rectangle with base $a+c$ and height $b+d$. This rectangle has area $(a+c)(b+d)$. If we could find the areas of the triangles outside the parallelogram, then we could subtract them from the area of the rectangle to find the area of the parallelogram.

The bottom triangle has height $b$ and base $a+c$, so has area $\frac{1}{2}b(a+c)$.

The triangle on the left has (if you imagine it on its side so that its base is at the bottom) base $b+d$ and height $c$, so has area $\frac{1}{2}c(b+d)$.

The triangle at the top is congruent to the triangle at the bottom (it has been rotated by $180^{\circ}$), so has area $\frac{1}{2}b(a+c)$.

The triangle on the right is congruent to the triangle on the left, so has area $\frac{1}{2}c(b+d)$.

So the area of the parallelogram is $$(a+c)(b+d)-2\times\frac{1}{2}b(a+c) -2\times\frac{1}{2}c(b+d)=$$
$$a b+b c+a d+c d-a b-b c-b c-c d=a d-b c$$

just as James, Jamie and George said.

Yingtong Yan solved the problem differently, using  stage 5 mathematics.

If we let $\mathbf{p}(x_1, y_1)$ and $\mathbf{q}(x_2, y_2)$ be our two vectors, then the cosinus of the angle between them is
$$\cos<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>=\frac{\mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{q}}{|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|}.$$
Therefore, $$\cos^2<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>=\frac{(\mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{q})^2}{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2}$$
and, since $\sin^2<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>+\cos^2<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>=1$,
$$\sin^2<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>=1 - \frac{(\mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{q})^2}{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2}= \frac{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2-(\mathbf{p} \cdot \mathbf{q})^2}{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2}.$$

Moreover, since the angle between $\mathbf{p}$ and $\mathbf{q}$ is smaller then $180^\circ$, then $\sin<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>$ is greater then 0, and, hence, $\sin<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}> = \sqrt{\frac{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2-(\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{q})^2}{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2} }$.

Using the fact that the parallelogram is made out of two congruent triangles of area $\frac{1}{2}\times\sin<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>\times |\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|$, the area of the parallelogram is
\begin{aligned} A_{\text{parallelogram}} &= 2\times \frac{1}{2}\times\sin<\mathbf{p},\mathbf{q}>\times |\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}| \\ &= \sqrt{\frac{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2-(\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{q})^2}{(|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2} }\times |\mathbf{p|}\times |\mathbf{q}| \\ &= \sqrt{ (|\mathbf{p}|\times |\mathbf{q}|)^2-(\mathbf{p}\cdot\mathbf{q})^2} \\ &= \sqrt{(x_1^2+y_1^2)\times (x_2^2+y_2^2) - (x_1x_2+y_1y_2)^2} \\ &=\sqrt{x_1^2y_2^2+x_2^2y_1^2-2x_1x_2y_1y_2} \\ &=|x_1y_2-x_2y_1| \end{aligned}

Beth and Susie analyzed the special case when the parallelogram is a square.

If the parallelogram is a square then $|\mathbf{p}|=|\mathbf{q}|$ and the area is $|\mathbf{p}|^2$. Since $|\mathbf{p}|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$, the area is $\sqrt{a^2+b^2}^2=a^2+b^2$.

Well done to everyone who sent in a solution. Keep exploring!