### Doodles

Draw a 'doodle' - a closed intersecting curve drawn without taking pencil from paper. What can you prove about the intersections?

### Russian Cubes

I want some cubes painted with three blue faces and three red faces. How many different cubes can be painted like that?

### Picture Story

Can you see how this picture illustrates the formula for the sum of the first six cube numbers?

# Long Short

##### Age 14 to 16 Challenge Level:

This solution is from Tony Cardell, age 15, State College Area High School, PA, USA.

We investigate quadrilaterals inscribed in the unit circle. The sides of the quadrilateral $s_1$, $s_2$, $s_3$, $s_4$, subtend angles $\theta_1, \theta_2, \theta_3, \theta_4$ at the centre of the circle where $\theta_1 \leq \theta_2 \leq \theta_3 \leq \theta_4$. Now $\theta_1 \leq 90^\circ$ so the the largest value of

$s_1$ is when the quadrilateral is a square.

First investigating an inscribed quadrilateral where all sides are equal, $s = s_1 = s_1 = s_3 = s_4$ , which is a square with diagonal of length 2 units, we find that the side length of this square is given by $2s^2 = 4$, so that

$s = \sqrt{2}$.

If we made $s_1$ any larger, clearly the larger square that is formed will not fit in the circle.

Now imagine an equilateral triangle inscribed in the unit circle. The angle at the centre is $120^\circ$

and the side length is $s = \sqrt{3}$ . We can make a quadrilateral by slightly distorting this triangle and introducing another very short side. Therefore, in our quadrilateral, the second side must always be less than $s = \sqrt{3}$ since if not side one would have length zero and you would not have a quadrilateral. However side one can get very small, approaching zero, so that side 2 can approach $s = \sqrt{3}$ . We can have one very short side (almost zero) one just less that $s = \sqrt{3}$ and the other two equal to $s = \sqrt{3}$ .

Side 3 can approach length 2 because we can make a quadrilateral with sides three and four very close to 2 and sides one and two very close to zero. As sides one and two approach zero, sides three and four clearly approach 2, the diameter of the unit circle.

Finally, at its maximum, side 4 can be 2 when side 4 is the diameter of the unit circle. The other sides will fit into one of the halves of the circle because you can make them as small as you want. Any line longer than 2 units will extend outside the circle so side four cannot be longer than 2 units.