Six discs

Hee Chan and Jeang Bin sent us their working with correct areas for shapes A and C:

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The longer part of the rectangle is $4$ because each circle has radius $1$ unit.

The right-angled triangle with side length marked $x$ has angles $30^{\circ}, 60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ so its hypotenuse must be $2$, and side $x$ is $\sqrt{3}$ according to Pythagoras's law.

So the total length of one side of the triangle is $4+2\sqrt{3}$.

The area of the equilateral triangle is

which is $24.12$ square units to two decimal places.

For C, for the bottom there are 3 circles and this means that the length of the bottom is 6 units. Also for the height there are 2 circles so the length is 4 units. The area is $4 \times 6 = 24$ square units.

In a similar problem Nicola Spittal, S4, Madras College, St Andrew's sent in this excellent solution, demonstrating that A must have a larger than B and also calculating the correct areas for shapes A, B and C.

By superimposing the triangular packing (A) on the parallelogram packing (B) as shown below we can see that $area(\Delta QRS) = area(\Delta STU)$ so that (A) has larger area than (B) and the difference in areas is equal to the area of the small triangle $\Delta UVW$.

We use many 30-60-90 triangles with sides in the ratio $1:2:\sqrt {3}$. The areas of the packings are as follows.

Packing (A)

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The triangle has side length $4+2\sqrt{3}$ so that area is ${1\over 2}(4+2\sqrt{3})^2 \sin 60^\circ$, or (equivalently, using half base times height) ${1\over 2}(4+2\sqrt{3})(3+2\sqrt{3})$, which is 24.12 square units to 2 decimal places.

Packing (B)

The base length is given by $PW=\tan 60^\circ +4+\tan 30^\circ = \sqrt{3}+ 4 + {1\over \sqrt{3}}= 6.3094.$ The height is given by $h = 2+2\cos 30^\circ = 2 + \sqrt{3}= 3.7321$, so that the area is 23.55 square units to 2 decimal places.

Packing (C)

As the rectangle is $6\times 4$, the area is 24 square units.

Here is one method of finding the area of the remaining shapes:

Packing (D)

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$h = \sqrt{3} + 1$ (from diagram)

$\cos 30^\circ = \frac{h}{a} \Rightarrow a = \frac{h}{\cos 30^\circ} = 2(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} + 1)$

Splitting the hexagon in to two trapezia, the area is therefore:

$A_D = 2\{\frac{1}{2}(a + 2a)h\} = \frac{3}{2}ah = \frac{3}{2}(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}+1)(\sqrt{3}+1) = 8\sqrt{3}+12 = 25.86 \textrm{ (4 s.f.)}$

Packing (E)

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Area composed of triangle, width $2h$ height $\frac{a}{2}$, and rectangle, width $2h$ height $2+\frac{a}{2}$

$\therefore \ A_E = \frac{1}{2}(2h)(\frac{a}{2}) + (2h)(2+\frac{a}{2}) = \frac{3}{2}ah + 4h = 8\sqrt{3} + 10 = 23.86 \textrm{ (4 s.f.)}$

Packing (F)

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$A_F = 5(2h) = 10h = 10(\sqrt{3}+1) = 27.32 \textrm{ (4 s.f.)}$