Plane to See

P is the midpoint of an edge of a cube and Q divides another edge in the ratio 1 to 4. Find the ratio of the volumes of the two pieces of the cube cut by a plane through PQ and a vertex.

Four Points on a Cube

What is the surface area of the tetrahedron with one vertex at O the vertex of a unit cube and the other vertices at the centres of the faces of the cube not containing O?

Instant Insanity

We have a set of four very innocent-looking cubes - each face coloured red, blue, green or white - and they have to be arranged in a row so that all of the four colours appear on each of the four long sides of the resulting cuboid.

Age 16 to 18Challenge Level
The solution here comes from Tom, Ella and James of Madras College, St Andrews, Scotland. They prove that, to use the smallest square of wrapping paper to wrap a cuboid shape, you should place the cuboid symmetrically with its longest edges parallel to the diagonal of the wrapping paper and with a face containing the two longest edges on the paper. If $c$ is the longest edge of the cuboid, $b$ is the middle one and $a$ is the shortest edge of the cuboid then the length of the diagonal of the wrapping paper has to be at least $2c + 2a$ so the square has to be $(c + a)\sqrt 2$ by $(c + a)\sqrt 2$. In this case the edges of the wrapping paper will only just meet.

The smallest square of wrapping paper to wrap a cube of edge length $a$ is a square of side $2a\sqrt 2$.

Here is Tom, Ella and James' solution:

Let the square of wrapping paper be $x$ units by $x$ units. Using simple trigonometry $D \cos \theta = x / 2$. To make the edges of the paper meet, $D$ must have a length $c / 2$ to go under the cuboid, $a$ to go up the side and another $c / 2$ to go over the top. $$D = c / 2 + a + c / 2 = c + a$$ $$x = 2(c + a ) \cos \theta$$ Looking at this it is simply a scaling of the cosine graph.

Because of the symmetries involved we are only considering $0 \leq \theta \leq \pi/4$. In this interval the cosine graph is always stationary or decreasing so $\theta = \pi/4$ gives the minimum value.

The smallest wrapping paper therefore has sides of length $$x = 2(c + a)\cos \pi/4 = \sqrt 2 (c + a)$$ where $c$ is the length of longest edge of the cuboid and $a$ is the length of the shortest edge.

Using this formula for a cube of side $a$ the wrapping paper to minimize wastage is a square of size $2\sqrt 2 a$. The area of the paper is $8a^2$ so the area of paper not actually used to cover the cube is $2a^2$. If the cube is placed centrally on the wrapping paper with edges parallel to the diagonals of the paper, when wrapping the cube the edges of the paper will just meet at the top of the cube and the 'wastage' will be a triangle of area $a^2/2$ at each corner.