Telescoping series

Congratulations to Herbert Pang of Sha Tin College, Hong Kong and also to Ka Wing Kerwin Hui for their excellent solutions. Both of these solutions were written in Word 97 using Equation Editor 3.0 and are beautifully presented.

Case 1: $r=1$ 

We simplify $(k + 1)^2 - k^2$. Writing the binomial coefficients in the form $$ {n \choose r} = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}, $$ then for each $k$, $$ (k + 1)^2 - k^2 = k^2 + {2\choose 1}k + 1 - k^2 = {2\choose 1}k + 1;$$ hence $$\sum_{k=1}^n[(k + 1)^2-k^2] =\sum_{k=1}^n\left[{2\choose 1}k + 1\right] =\sum_{k=1}^n{2\choose 1}k + \sum_{k=1}^n 1.$$ Writing $S_r$ for $\sum^n_{k=1} k^r$, this gives $$\sum_{k=1}^n[(k + 1)^2-k^2] ={2\choose 1}S_1 + n.$$ Writing this sum in full for $n=6$ we note that terms cancel out in pairs (hence the name 'telescoping series') giving: $$[2^2-1^2] + [3^2-2^2] + [4^2-3^2] + [5^2-4^2] + 6^2-5^2] + [7^2-6^2]= -1 + 49 = 48$$ If we write this out in full with a general $n$ we get $$[2^2-1^2] + [3^2-2^2] + [4^2-3^2] + \cdots + [(n + 1)^2-n^2] = -1 + (n + 1)^2 = n^2 + 2n.$$ Hence $$ n^2 + 2n = 2S_1 + n,$$ and this gives $$ S_1 = n(n + 1)/2.$$

Case 2: $r=2$ 

We simplify $(k + 1)^3 - k^3$. For any $k$, $$ (k + 1)^3 - k^3 = k^3 + {3\choose 1}k^2 + {3\choose 2}k + 1 - k^3 = {3\choose 1}k^2 + {3\choose 2}k + 1,$$ and adding this for $k=1,\ldots , n$, we get $$ \sum_{k=1}^n[(k + 1)^3-k^3] =\sum_{k=1}^n\left[{3\choose 1}k^2 + {3\choose 2}k + 1\right] ={3\choose 1}S_2 + {3\choose 2}S_1 + n.$$ The left hand side is a telescoping series, and is $$ [2^3-1^3] + [3^3-2^3] + [4^3-3^3] + \cdots + [(n + 1)^3-n^3] = -1 + (n + 1)^3 = n^3 + 3n^2 + 3n,$$ so that $$ n^3 + 3n^2 + 3n = {3\choose 1}S_2 + {3\choose 2}S_1 + n.$$ As we have already found $S_1$ to be $n(n + 1)/2$, we can now find the formula for $S_2$: $$ n^3 + 3n^2 + 3n = 3S_2 + 3n(n + 1)/2 + n.$$ Simplifying this gives $$ S_2 = {n(n + 1)(2n + 1)\over 6}.$$

Case 3: $r=3$ 

We simplify $(k + 1)^4 - k^4$. For any $k$, $$(k + 1)^4 - k^4 = k^4 + {4\choose 1}k^3 + {4\choose 2}k^2 + {4\choose 3}k + 1 - k^4 = {4\choose 1}k^3 + {4\choose 2}k^2 + {4\choose 3}k + 1$$and adding this for $k=1,\ldots , n$, we get $$\sum_{k=1}^n[(k + 1)^4-k^4] = \sum_{k=1}^n\left[{4\choose 1}k^3 + {4\choose 2}k^2 + {4\choose 3}k + 1\right] = {4\choose 1}S_3 + {4\choose 2}S_2 + {4\choose 3}S_1 + n$$The left hand side is a telescoping series, and is $$ [2^4-1^4] + [3^4-2^4] + [4^4-3^4] + \cdots + [(n + 1)^4-n^4] = -1 + (n + 1)^4 = n^4 + 4n^3 + 6n^2 + 4n$$ so that $$ n^4 + 4n^3 + 6n^2 + 4n = {4\choose 1}S_3 + {4\choose 2}S_2 + {4\choose 3}S_1 + n$$ Using the formulae for $S_1$ and $S_2$, we obtain an equation for $S_3$, and simplifying this we get $$ S_3 = {n^2(n + 1)^2\over 4}.$$ For $n=10$ we get $$ \sum_{k=1}^{10}k^3 = {10^2\times 11^2\over 4} = 3025.$$ It is interesting to note that for all $n$, $$S_3 = \left({n(n + 1)\over 2}\right)^2 = \big(S_2\big)^2.$$

General case 

We simplify $(k + 1)^r - k^r$. For any $k$, $$(k + 1)^r - k^r = {r\choose 1}k^{r-1} + {r\choose 2}k^{r-2} + \cdots + {r\choose r-1}k + 1,$$ and adding this for $k=1,\ldots , n$, we get $$ \sum_{k=1}^n[(k + 1)^r-k^r] = {r\choose 1}S_{r-1} + {r\choose 2}S_{r-2} + \cdots + {r\choose r-1}S_1 + n$$ The left hand side is a telescoping series, and is $$ [2^r-1^r] + [3^r-2^r] + [4^r-3^r] + \cdots + [(n + 1)^r-n^r] = -1 + (n + 1)^r$$ hence $$ (n + 1)^r-1 = {r\choose 1}S_{r-1} + {r\choose 2}S_{r-2} + \cdots + {r\choose r-1}S_1 + n$$ Transferring $n$ from the right to the left, and using $$ {r\choose k} = {r\choose r-k}$$ we get $$(n + 1)^r-(n + 1) = {r\choose 1}S_{1} + {r\choose 2}S_{2} + \cdots + {r\choose r-1}S_{r-1}$$