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'How Many Balls?' printed from https://nrich.maths.org/
This is another good solution from Alan
of Madras College.
Call the number of red balls $r$ and the number of blue balls $b$.
The probability of drawing a red ball is $r/(b+r)$ leaving $b$ blue
balls and $r-1$ red balls and so the probability of drawing a
second red ball is $(r-1)/(b+r-1)$ and the probability of drawing
two red balls is $r(r-1)/(b+r)(b+r-1)$. The question tells us that
this is five times the probability of drawing two blue balls.
By a similar argument, the probability of drawing two blue balls is
$b(b-1)/(b+r)(b+r-1)$.
Also, after one red ball has been drawn the probability of drawing
a blue ball is $b/(b+r-1)$ and, considering that you can draw the
balls in either order, the probability of a red and a blue ball is
$2rb/(b+r)(b+r-1)$. This is six times the probability of drawing
two blue balls.
Hence $$\frac{r(r - 1)}{(b + r)(b + r - 1)} = \frac{5b(b - 1)}{(b +
r)(b + r - 1)}$$ and we know $(b + r)(b + r - 1) \neq 0$.
$$\eqalign{ r (r - 1) &= 5b (b - 1) &(1) \\ 2 rb &= 6b
(b - 1) &(2)}$$
From equation (2)
$r = 3b - 3$.
Substituting for $r$ in equation (1) and simplifying the equation
gives
$b^2 - 4b + 3 = 0$.
The solutions are $b = 1$ or $b = 3$.
In the case $b = 1$ we have $r = 3b -3 = 0$, but we know $r$ is non
zero so $b \neq 1$.
Hence $b = 3$ and $r = 6$, that is there were 6 red balls and 3
blue balls in the bag.