Look Before You Leap

Alex from Stoke-on-Trent Sixth Form College, Dapeng Wang from Claremont Fan Court School, Chuyi Yang from Loughborough High School, Manuele Cavalli-Sforza from the British School of Manila, Feline Angel from Wootton Upper School and Chong Ching Tong, Chan Hei Leong, Chen Wei Jian and Ng Yan Shun from River Valley High School, Singapore all sent in excellent solutions. The first part of the solution came from the Singapore group and the second part, with the diagrams, from Alex.

If $a + b + c = 4$, $ab + bc + ca = 6$ and $abc = 3$, then

$$\frac {1}{a} +\frac{1}{b} + \frac{1}{c} = \frac {(bc + ac +ab)}{ abc}= \frac {6}{3} = 2.$$

Also $$\frac{1}{ab} + \frac{1}{bc} + \frac{1}{ca}=\frac{( c + a + b )}{abc}= \frac{4}{3}.$$

In the image below, each side of the coloured squares has been assigned the lengths, and the area of each rectangle is written inside the rectangle. The total area of the diagram is the sum of these areas, and is equivalent to $(a+b+c)^2$ showing that this expands to: $a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc$.

Squaring both sides of the first equation gives $(a+b+c)^2 = 16$. Multiplying each side of the second equation by 2 gives $2ab + 2ac + 2bc = 12$ . Subtracting these last two equations leaves the sum of the squares so we have $a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 4$.

Now think of a cube where each face is cut up in a similar way splitting the cube into 27 smaller cuboids. The volume of the cube is $(a + b + c)^3$ . We get the formula for the expansion by adding 27 volumes as shown in the diagrams above and in the table. The cube has been split into 3 diagrams. The first is the top layer of the cube, with depth a, so the volumes of each of the cuboids is the area of the rectangle multiplied by a. The same is done for the layers below of depth b and c, so the total of the volumes of the cuboids is equivalent to $(a+b+c)^3$. The expression labelling each cuboid is the volume of that cuboid.

Adding the volumes we get

$(a+b+c)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + c^3+ 3a^2b+3a^2c+3ab^2+3ac^2 +3b^2c+3bc^2+6abc$.