Don't be put off by the fact that there is a lot to read and don't be put off if you have not enjoyed music theory in the past. Read the problem and you'll find it tells you all you need to know about music to solve it.

To find how many tones there are in an octave, trial and error is perfectly adequate, but you can also get an exact answer using logarithms.

Similarly to find the number of thirds in an octave you can get an exact answer using logarithms.

To relate the different scales to the linear equal tempered scale in cents you need to calculate the power of ${(2)}^{1/12}$ corresponding to the ratio for each note and then multiply by 100 to convert the measure to cents.

For example, to find the measures in cents corresponding to the note A, the calculations are, for the just intonation:

${\displaystyle 1200\times \frac{\log (5/3)}{\log 2}}$

and for the Pythagorean scale:

${\displaystyle 1200\times \frac{\log (27/16)}{\log 2}.}$