Malcolm Findlay from Madras College in St Andrews, Scotland has solved the first part of this problem:

Izumi Tomioka, Carol Chow and Priscilla Luk from The Mount School in York solved the second part of the problem:

The original hexagon has sides of length 3 units and we need to work out $x$, the lengths of the sides of the smaller hexagons.

The hexagon below has been made from 6 of the shaded triangles above.
We need to find the length of one of the sides of this hexagon.

Splitting the shaded triangle into half gives us a right angled triangle such that: $$\cos30 = {1.5\over H}$$ $$H = {1.5\over \cos 30}$$ $$H = 1.73$$

Andrei Lazanu (aged 12) from School 205 in Bucharest, Romania, solved both parts of the problem.

This is how he tackled the second part:

To calculate the lengths of the sides of the smaller hexagons I used the following notations:

l for the length of side of the great hexagon
a for the length of side of the small hexagon

I used the following notation:

Triangle ACE is equilateral, because its sides are congruent.
So, angle EAC is $60$ °.

Angle FAB is $120$ °, since each angle of a regular hexagon is $120$ °.

Triangle AEF is congruent with triangle ACB, having all sides congruent. They are also isosceles triangles.
This means that each of the angles FAE and CAB is $30$ °.

Therefore angle EAB is $90$ °.

Triangle AMN is also equilateral, because it has a $60$ ° angle (MAN) and AM = AN.
Triangle ANB is isosceles, so AN and NB are congruent.

Therefore, in the right angled triangle MAB,
MA = MN = NB = $a$

AB has length $l$

Applying the Pythagorean Theorem: $$l^2 = (a + a)^2 - a^2$$ $$l^2 = 4a^2 - a^2$$ $$l^2 = 3a^2$$ $$l = a \sqrt{3}$$

If the length of the side of the great hexagon is 3 units long $l = 3$

Therefore $a = \sqrt{3}$ units

An alternative way of calculating "a" takes into account the first part of the problem:
the area of the great hexagon is three times the area of the small one.

For a hexagon of side $l$, the area is calculated as 6 times the area of an equilateral triangle of side $l$,
this means that the area of the great hexagon is:

$6{l^2 \sqrt3\over 4} = {l^2 3\sqrt3\over2}$

$

(1)$

The 3 smaller hexagons of side "a" have a total area of:

$3{a^2 3\sqrt3\over 2} = {a^2 9\sqrt3\over2}$

$(2)$

Since, $(1)$ and $(2)$ represent the same area, $3a^2 = l$

which is the same as we found above.