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David provided us with his solution:

I firstly used the angles calculated in *** and put them on the diagram. Next I used the fact that $ \sin30=1/2$ (this isn't too difficult to prove), to find that $z=30$ degrees. From this, I could work out all the other angles and fill them in:

from this all the sine, cosine and tangent values can be read off.

For the final part, I noticed when

$x = \sqrt{2} + 1$ and $y = 1$ then $SD$ and $AS$ are the same length. This makes $SDR$ and $SAP$ similar triangles, and so the angle $DSR$ is $22.5$ degrees. So we get:

From which all the sine, cosine and tangent values of $22.5$ degrees can be obtained.