Triangle in the corner
A triangle is shaded within a regular hexagon. Can you find its area?
Problem
Image
The diagram shows a regular hexagon with an area of $48$ m$^2$.
What is the area of the shaded triangle?
This problem is taken from the UKMT Mathematical Challenges.
Student Solutions
Rotating the hexagon and using a different triangle
In the diagram below, the hexagon has ben rotated so that the base of the triangle is horzontal. The isosceles triangle outlined and the grey triangle have the same base and height, so they have the same area.
Image
Using the symmetry of the regular hexagon, it can be split into $6$ of these triangles, as shown below. So the area of the triangle is equal to $\frac{1}{6}$ of the area of the hexagon, which is $\frac{1}{6}$ of $48$ m$^2,$ which is $8$ m$^2.$
Image
Splitting the hexagon into smaller shapes
Using the symmetry of the regular hexagon, we can split it into triangles or rhombuses:
Image
Image
Using triangles, the red angle is $\frac{1}{6}$ of $360^\text{o},$ which is $60^\text{o},$ because it is $\frac{1}{6}$ of the circle at the centre of the hexagon.
The triangle is isosceles, so the two green angles are equal, and they add up to $120^\text{o},$ since all of the angles in a triangle add up to $180^\text{o}.$ So they are also $60^\text{o},$ so the triangles are equilateral.
Notice now that the boundary of the grey area is a line of symmetry of the two bottom triangles. So the grey area is the same as the area of two half-triangles, which is the same as one whole triangle.
So the grey area is $\frac{1}{6}$ of the area of the hexagon, which is $\frac{1}{6}$ of $48$ m$^2,$ which is $8$ m$^2.$
Image
This means the quadrilaterals must be parallelograms, and so they must be rhombuses, since all of the sides of the hexagon are equal.
So the rhombuses are symmetrical and the boundary of the grey area is a line of symmetry of the bottom rhombus. So the grey area is the same as the area of half a rhombus, which is is $\frac{1}{6}$ of the area of the hexagon, which is $\frac{1}{6}$ of $48$ m$^2,$ which is $8$ m$^2.$
Using trigonometry
The interior angle of a hexagon is $120^\text{o}$ (there are various ways to show this, including using the diagram above, or splitting the hexagon into triangles and counting angles, or using exterior angles), which is shown on the diagram below.
Finding the areas of the 3 shapes on the diagram below in terms of the side length $s$ will allow us to find the $s$ and therefore the shaded area.
Image
Using the formula for the area of a triangle $A=\frac{1}{2}ab\sin{C},$ the area of the shaded triangle is $\frac{1}{2}s^2\sin{120}=\frac{1}{4}s^2\sqrt{3}$ m$^2.$
The area of the green triangle is also $\frac{1}{4}s^2\sqrt{3}$ m$^2.$ The area of the rectangle is $as$ m$^2,$ where we can find $a$ using the cosine rule:$$\begin{align}&a^2=s^2+s^2-2\times s\times s \cos{120}\\
\Rightarrow&a^2=2s^2-s^2\cos{120}\\
\Rightarrow&a^2=3s^2\\
\Rightarrow&a=\sqrt{3s^2}=s\sqrt{3}\end{align}$$ So the area of the rectangle is $s\sqrt{3}\times s = s^2\sqrt{3}$ m$^2.$
That is four times the area of the shaded triangle, since $4\times\frac{1}{4}s^2\sqrt{3}=s^2\sqrt{3}.$ So the shaded triangle fits into the hexagon $2+4=6$ times - so it occupies $\frac{1}{6}$ of the total area of the hexagon. So its area is $\frac{1}{6}$ of $48$ m$^2,$ which is $8$ m$^2.$