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Welcome to NRICH.
Algebra
This is not the only place where you will find algebra used: there is much algebra used in the higher level discussions under Number and Shape and Geometry. You will also find various number patterns under Number.
2
What is algebra?
3
What is an expression?
Solving equations
3
Linear Equations with x on both sides
3
Equations
4
Equation Solving
4
Hens and rabbits problem; simultaneous equations (or not)
4
Please help me with simultaneous equations
4
Biscuit and cereal prices problem; simultaneous equations
4
Simultaneous equations with 3/4 variables
4
Sum and product of digits problem
4
Algorithm for non-linear simultaneous equations
4
x=yz, y=xz, z=xy
4
Simultaneous equations in three variables
3
How many men to pump the ship dry?
4
Articles:
Euclid's Algorithm
4
Quadratic Equations: where does the formula come from?
4
Solving x
2
=5x+7
4
Can you have an equation with these solutions?
4
False solution to equation involving square roots
4
Solve x+y=2, xy-z
2
=1
5
a
x
=b
y
=(ab)
xy
5
Completing the square
5
When does a quadratic have real roots?
5
The Anonymous Logarithm
5
When does a quadratic have real roots?
5
Solving quadratic with complex coefficients
5
(x+x
1/2
)/(1+x+x
1/2
)=(x
2
+x
1/2
)/(1+x+x
2
)
5
Modular equation systems
5
Equation system
5
Solving difference equations
5
Spanish Problem and solving x
3
+ px = q
5
Solving cubic equations
5
A method for solving a cubic equation
5
Formula for solving cubic equations
5
Cubic Equations
6
Cubic equations and Galois theory
5
Cubic Equation Roots
5
Solving quartic equations
5
Quartic Equations
5
Are repeated roots necessarily rational?
5
Algorithm for finding zeros of any polynomial
5
Functional Equations
5
Solving n3
n
=324
5
x(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)=24
5
x
1/3
+x
1/2
+2=0
5
1/x - 1/xy - 1/xyz = 19/97
5
1/x + 1/y = 1/1995
5
Solving 3
x
- 2
x
= a
5
Solving x
1/3
+(2x-3)
1/3
=[12(x-1)]
1/3
5
x
2
+y
2
+1=xyz
5
x
n-1
/(x
2n
-2x
n
cosn
q
+1)
5
Reciprocal Diophantine Equation
6
y
2
+2=x
3
6
2x
2
-3x=3y
2
Algebraic manipulation
3
"Think of a number" trick - putting it into algebra
3
Finding a formula for Sticky Triangles
3
Arithmagons
4
BODMAS, BIDMAS, PEMDAS and PEDMSA
4
Difference of two squares and 39 × 41
4
Simplifying square root expressions
4
Making t the subject of an equation containing t
2
4
Algebraic fractions and factorising quadratics
4
x
4
+ 1/x
4
from x + 1/x
4
GCD and LCM of Polynomials
4
Algebraic fraction simplification
4
Practical uses of completing the square
4
Find a
3
+6ab+b
3
, given a+b=2
4
Unique expression of integers in a particular form
4
Factorising polynomials
5
Factorising cubic equations
5
Factorising polynomials
5
a
n
+b
n
in terms of a+b and ab
5
Article:
Telescoping Functions
5
Inverse of a mapping
5
Expanding (1 + x + 3x
2
)
5
5
Quick factorisation of polynomials
5
Square Roots of ax+b
5
Binomial formula
5
Binomial expansion
5
Trinomial expansion
5
Binomial Expansion: (1 + px + qx
2
)
-2
5
Meaning of the binominal coefficient
5
Coefficient of x
34
in expansion of (1-3x+x
2
+2x
4
)
10
5
Maclaurin series for tan(x), and polynomial division
5
Remainder Theorem and polynomial division
5
Polynomial division and remainders
5
Polynomial function problem
5
Polynomials, remainder theorem and Lagrange interpolation
5
Mobius Transformations
6
Mobius Transformation Problem
Graphs and coordinate geometry
3
Drawing graphs like y=2x-3
4
Graphs: y
2
= x
2
and y
2n
+ x
2n
= r
2n
5
Simpson's Rule
5
Gradient of angle bisector
5
Area of triangle given by coordinates
5
The equation of a doughnut (and volume/surface area)
5
Mod Graphs
5
Equations of circles
5
Equation of an ellipse
5
Largest perimeter of rectangle in ellipse
5
Focus and circumference of an ellipse
5
Reflecting parabolas
5
Parabola - focus and directrix
5
Coordinate geometry proof
5
Cartesian to polar form
5
Finding parametric equations
5
Area enclosed by x=2cost, y=sint
5
Equation of a Mobius Strip
5
Polar coordinates: area by integration
6
New Coordinate System
Pythagorean Triples
4
Pythagorean Triples (GCSE investigation)
4
Article:
Picturing Pythagorean Triples
4
Articles:
Pythagorean Triples
5
Pythagorean Triples (follows from articles)
4
Article:
Extension of Pythagorean Triples
4
Pythagorean Quadruples (coursework extension)
6
Pythagorean triples - advanced stuff
Sequences and series
3
Sum of the first 10 square numbers
5
Sum of Squares
3
Sum of triangular numbers
3
Adding Grains of Rice
3
Finding a formula for Sticky Triangles
4
Shape/number pattern
4
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,...
4
Formula for sequences like 1,4,16,64
4
Difference patterns and cubed numbers
4
Investigating expanding squares and geometric series
4
Fraction series sum (telescoping)
4
f(n)=f(n-1) + 3
5
Geometric Progression Puzzle
5
How many terms in a series?
5
Arithmetic sequence puzzle
5
2 geometric progression problems
5
Some geometric series questions
5
Geometric Progression Formula
5
Finding geometric means
5
Binomial coefficients in arithmetic progression
5
Coefficient of x
34
in expansion of (1-3x+x
2
+2x
4
)
10
5
Units digit of 3, 3
3
, (3
3
)
3
, ((3
3
)
3
)
3
, etc
5
Summation of series questions
5
1
2
- 2
2
+ 3
2
- 4
2
... - (2n)
2
5
Sequence: a
n
= n + {sqrt(n)}
5
Reciprocal prime number infinite series
5
Sum of reciprocals of Fibonacci series
5
Finding the formula for a polynomial relationship
5
Sequences of averages
5
Bounded Series
5
New Series for Pi
5
Summing power series
5
The sum of the first n cubes
5
The sums of powers of integers.
5
Method of differences for summation of finite series
5
Sum of 1/n
2
5
3/2 - 9/20 + 15/56 - 21/110 + .....
5
Factorials in difference triangles
5
Proof of Binomial theorem
5
Proof of a Series for Pi
5
Series Results proven by Induction
5
Factorial series
5
1
2
- 3
2
+ 5
2
- 7
2
+ ...
5
S
n
r=0
sin((2n+1)x/4)
6
log(1)+log(2)+log(3)+...
6
S
1/(n
2
+1)
6
S
1/n
2k
6
Inequalities, Products and Sums of Numbers
6
S
n
i=0
(-1)
i
(2i+1)
3
/((2i+1)
4
+4)
5
Farey Series
5
Series for trigonometric functions and e
x
5
Summing nCr
5
Awkward proofs for series expansions
5
Binomial Theorem to find 1.1
6
6
S
¥
n=1
[1/(8n-7)]-[1/(8n-1)]
6
S
¥
r=1
1/r
6
Utterly baffling infinite series (terms of the form n
r
x
n
)
For series expansions, Maclaurin's series, Taylor's series, see
here
.
6
S
¥
n=1
n
x
z
n
~ x!/(-ln z)
x+1
6
S
¥
n=1
{nx}/n
Sequences, series and limits
See under
Number
for more on infinity and limits
See
separate index
for more paradoxes
5
Pi's value as an infinite series
4
Fraction series tending to
p
/2
5
Geometric series and convergent/divergent sequences
5
Series Results proven by Induction
5
Limit of nr
n
5
Limit of ((2
x
+1)/2)
1/x
5
Limit of a summed series
5
X^x^x^x^x^x^...
5
ln2 = 0: series paradox?
5
Zeno's paradox
5
Paradoxical infinite sums
5
1+x+x
2
/(2!)+...+x
2n
/(2n)!=0
5
A Logarithmic Series
6
Divergent series
6
5=m
1/m
and proofs of convergence
6
Series for pi?
6
Quasiperiodic Sequences
6
Two Series
6
if lim
x
®
¥
(
S
x
n=1
a
n
n)/x = 0 then
S
¥
n=1
a
n
is convergent
6
If
S
¥
n=0
a
kn
= 0 then all a
m
= 0?
6
Ramanujan Square Root
6
Nested radicals
Recurrence relations and iteration
3
Article:
Try to Win
4
f(n)=f(n-1) + 3
4
Shape/number pattern
5
Swapping marbles
5
Recursive formula
5
Recurrence relationships
5
Solving difference equations
5
Difference equations
5
Recurrence relation inequality
5
Solving x - sinx = c
5
Speed of iteration
5
Recurrence relation problem
5
The logistic equation: X
n+1
= 2 X
n
(1-X
n
)
6
Recursive Sums
Inequalities
3
Linear Inequalities
4
Solving an inequality
4
Modulus Inequality
5
If a,b,c > 0 and abc=1 then a+b+c
³
3
5
Real Number Inequality
5
The Triangle Inequality
5
A Quadratic Inequality
5
Solving cubic inequalities
5
Inequalities solving an Equation
5
Arithmetic mean - geometric mean inequality
5
Proofs of A.M.
³
G.M.
5
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality
6
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality and Equality
5
Arithmetic-geometric mean inequality and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality
5
Jensen's Inequality
5
BMO inequality question
5
Inequality Problem
5
Various inequalities
5
Inequality proof
5
Prove that x + y + z
£
(xyz)
1/3
(x/y + y/z + z/x)
5
If x+y+z
£
3 then 1/x + 1/y +1/z
³
3
5
n! > n
3
: proof by induction
5
Recurrence relation inequality
5
[1+1/3+1/5+..+1/(2n-1)]/(n+1)
³
[1/2+1/4+..+1/(2n)]/n
5
Minimising
S
1381
i=1
a
2
i
= a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ ... + a
2
1381
Groups and algebraic structure
4
Article:
Small groups
5
Associativity
5
Order of element and inverse element
5
Lagrange's Theorem
5
Mathematical Systems
6
Group generators
6
Groups and isomorphism
6
Finding subgroups of a group
6
Symmetric group S(6)
6
Field Algebra and Simple Groups
6
Ring Isomorphisms
6
Galois theory
Matrices
For vectors see under
Shape and geometry
.
5
Matrices - Canonical Form
5
Transformations and matrices
5
Matrices and Transformations
5
Rotation Matrix
5
Shear Matrix
6
What are determinants?
6
Definition of Determinant
6
Determinants, eigenvalues and eigenvectors
6
Matrices, Numbers
5
Inverse mapping
5
Inverse of a mapping
5
Singular matrices
6
Eigenvalues
6
Real eigenvalues
6
Symmetric Matrices
6
Symmetric Tensors
6
Matrix Polynomials
6
The Cayley-Hamilton theorem
Miscellaneous
3
Investigation: adding consecutive numbers
3
"Think of a number" trick - putting it into algebra
4
A Pile of Paper that reaches the Moon
4
Article:
Proofs with Pictures
4
Missing numbers on two spun discs
4
3x
10
-y
10
=1991: no integral solutions?
4
Venn diagram problem
5
Golden Ratio
5
Partitioning {1,..,n}
5
Zeros of a quartic
5
Proof Of the Newton Raphson method for finding complex roots
5
Infinite products problem
5
Inverse mapping
5
Functions satisfying ff(x)=-x and gg(x)=1/x
5
Function directly proportional to two variables
5
Polynomial function problem
5
Floor Functions
5
Floor function revisited
5
Polynomial interpolation and polynomial extrapolation
5
Window cleaning problem
5
Three assorted problems
5
Dimensional equivalence
5
Integers satisfying 1 + x
2
y = x
2
+ 2xy + 2x + y
6
Algebraic Axioms
6
Levi Civita Symbols
6
Tensor Discussion
6
Symmetric Tensors
6
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
6
Functional equations
6
Functional equation
6
An interesting class of polynomials
6
Maximising f(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
,...,x
n
) when n varies