Imagine you are in a class of thirty students. The teacher asks everyone to secretly write down a whole number between 1 and 225.
Do you think it's likely or unlikely that everyone's number will be different?
 
You could try this out in your class a few times, or experiment with this simulation:


 
How often was everyone's number different?
Are you surprised by this?
 
Let's try to explain what happens:
Imagine the teacher asks students to read out their numbers one at a time.
What is the probability that the first two students both read out different numbers?
 
If the first two students have both read out different numbers, what is the chance that the third student will read out another new number?
What is the probability that the first three students all read out different numbers?
 
If the first three students have all read out different numbers, what is the chance that the fourth student will read out another new number?
What is the probability that the first four students all read out different numbers?
...
 
What is the probability that the whole class of thirty students read out different numbers?
What is the probability that at least two students have written the same number?


There is a famous mathematical problem called the Birthday Problem:
 

One way to solve this is to imagine that people enter the room one at a time, and that each new person doesn't share a birthday with anyone already there...