One Basket or Group Photo

Libby Jared chose this problem for the NRICH Tenth Anniversary celebration and this is what she had to say about it: "I chose this problem for many more reasons than I could write in one sentence on the summary page.

Firstly I saw it being made up by Toni (Beardon) as she sat at a computer at Szechenyi Istvan Primary School, in Tiszaujvaros, a town in Hungary. We were there (in May 2000) as part of EuroMaths, a small EU project which linked schools in Denmark, England and Hungary. The schools used nine NRICH problems over three years, during which time the teachers involved discussed with one another their thoughts and different practices in using such problems in their classrooms. Several friendships were forged between us.

But pleasant memories would be insufficient if Group Photo was not the good mathematics problem that it undoubtedly is. To begin with, it can it be simplified by reducing the number of people to be in the photograph. This makes it accessible to primary school pupils and I know that some classes have had great fun in working it out using real people. Also, I like the investigative nature that the problem presents and it does eventually (I believe) require a systematic approach.

Our Hungarian colleagues provided two different tree diagrams to show the possibilities, whilst others in England worked with numbers set out in two lines. However, some people jump to conclusions a little too early, for just when it looks as if a pattern of results is emerging, something happens to contradict the spotted, but wrongly predicted, result.

I have been reliably informed that Professor Alan Beardon has used it with his post graduate students in his Problem Solving course in South Africa. I too present the problem each year to my post graduate trainee mathematics teachers who work enthusiastically to solve it - well at least to their satisfaction. Hopefully many of them will take Group Photo into their classrooms and introduce another generation to the problem.

If you would like to read how one primary school worked on the problem then you will find an article in the Mathematics Teaching number 188 (published by the Association of Teachers of Mathematics).The title of the article - for a reason which you may need to investigate for yourselves - is 'The answer is 42'."

More Notes: This 'people' problem gets small groups physically involved in learning by action (kinaesthetic learning) and it is very suitable for upper primary as well as for older students. Get four people of different heights to arrange themselves for the photo. How many ways can they do it?

What about two people? Then the class can try the problem in groups of six people. There will be a lot of discussion about the ways of recording the different arrangements and checking that they have found them all.

Having found the number of arrangements for 2, 4, 6 and 8 people there is an 'obvious' pattern that suggests the number of arrangments for 10 people, but then counting the possibilities leads to a surprise.

This problem only asks you to find the number of arrangements for taking a photo of ten people and that is usually where it stops with younger students.

There is an obvious generalisation to taking a photo of 12, 14, .... and then of any even number of people. To identify and find a formula for the sequence that arises is challenging for students in the last couple of years of schooling.