### 14 Divisors

What is the smallest number with exactly 14 divisors?

### Summing Consecutive Numbers

Many numbers can be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive integers. For example, 15=7+8 and 10=1+2+3+4. Can you say which numbers can be expressed in this way?

### Helen's Conjecture

Helen made the conjecture that "every multiple of six has more factors than the two numbers either side of it". Is this conjecture true?

# Happy Octopus

##### Stage: 3 Challenge Level:

This is an investigation of sequences formed by writing down the sum of the squares of the digits of each number to get the next number in the sequence. A number is called happy if it starts a sequence that goes to a number which is repeated over and over again (e.g. 1, 1, 1, 1, $\ldots$) and this is called a fixed point. Other numbers lead to cyclic patterns which repeat over and over again. For example this sequence leads to a repeating 8-cycle:

25, 29, 85, 89, 145, 42, 20, 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, $\ldots$

Rachel Walker from the Mount School, York explained that in base ten, 122 is a sad number because it has an 8-cycle like 25 and this is her solution:

122, 9, 81, 65, 37, 58, 89, 145, 42, 20, 4, 16, 37, 58........

You can find a lot of 'happy numbers' such as: 310, 70, 86, 130, 7, 5555, 1212, 13, 1000 and other numbers which are variations of these, e.g. swapping the numbers the other way around (13, 31) and adding zeros onto the end of numbers (31, 310). Also you get numbers that add up to other happy numbers e.g. 5555 - four fives squared = 100.

The following sequences are the patterns of fixed points and cycles in base eight that I have found. These are fixed points so they are happy numbers and any numbers which start sequences ending like this are happy numbers.
64, 64, 62, 64, 64, $\ldots$
24, 24, 24, 24, 24, $\ldots$
1, 1, 1, 1, ,1, $\ldots$

These are 2-cycles:
32, 15, 32, 15, 32, 15, $\ldots$
20, 4, 20, 4, 20, 4, $\ldots$

This is a 3-cycle:
31, 12, 5, 31, 12, 5, 31, 12, 5, $\ldots$

Pen Areecharoenlert, also from The Mount School, York found some more happy numbers and cycles in base eight. Pen says "There does not appear to be any pattern in which ones are happy, but it looks as though there are 3 fixed points: 1, 24 and 64." This is Pen's list.

1, 1, 1, $\ldots$ so 1 is happy.
2, 4, 20, 4, 20, $\ldots$ so 2 is sad. (2-cycle)
3, 11, 2, 4, 20, $\ldots$ so 3 is sad. (2-cycle)
5, 31, 12, 5, $\ldots$ so 5 is sad. (3-cycle)
6, 44, 40, 20, 4, 20, $\ldots$ so 6 is sad. (2-cycle)
7, 61, 45, 51, 32, 15, 32, $\ldots$ so 7 is sad. (2-cycle)
10, 1, 1, 1, 1$\ldots$ so 10 is happy.
11, 2, 4, 20, 4, $\ldots$ so 11 is sad. (2-cycle)
12, 5, 31, 12, $\ldots$ so 12 is sad. (3-cycle)
13, 12, $\ldots$ so 13 is sad. (3-cycle)
14, 21, 5, $\ldots$ so 14 is sad. (3-cycle)
5, 32, 15,$\ldots$ so 15 is sad. (2-cycle)
16, 45, 51, 32, $\ldots$ so 16 is sad. (2-cycle)
17, 62, 50, 31,$\ldots$ so 17 is sad. (3-cycle)
20, 4, 20, 4, $\ldots$ so 20 is sad. (2-cycle)
21, 5, $\ldots$ so 21 is sad. (3-cycle)
22, 10, 1, 1,$\ldots$ so 22 is happy.
23, 15, $\ldots$ so 23 is sad. (2-cycle)
24, 24, 24, 24, so 24 is happy.
25, 35,, 42, 24, 24,$\ldots$ so 25 is happy.
26, 50, 31,$\ldots$ so 26 is sad. (3-cycle)
27, 65, 75, 112, 6, 44, 40, 20,$\ldots$ so 27 is sad. (2-cycle)
30 , 11, 2, 4, 20, $\ldots$ so 30 is sad. (2-cycle)
31, 12, $\ldots$ so 31 is sad. (3-cycle)
32, 15, $\ldots$ so 32 is sad. (2-cycle)
33, 22, 10, 1, $\ldots$ so 33 is happy.
34, 31, 12, $\ldots$ so 34 is sad. (3-cycle)
35, 42, 24, 24, $\ldots$ so 35 is happy.
36, 55, 62, 50, 31, $\ldots$ so 36 is sad. (3-cycle)
37, 72, 65, 75, 112 so 37 is sad. (2-cycle)
40 > 20 > 4 > 20 so 40 is sad. . (2-cycle)
41, 21, 5, 31, 12, 5, $\ldots$ so 41 is sad. (3-cycle)
42, 24, 24,$\ldots$ so 42 is happy.
43, 31, $\ldots$ so 43 is sad. (3-cycle)
44, 40, 20, 4, 20,$\ldots$ so 44 is sad. (2-cycle)
45, 51, 32, $\ldots$ so 45 is sad. (2-cycle)
46, 64, 64, 64, $\ldots$ so 46 is happy.
47, 101, 2, 4, 20, $\ldots$ so 47 is sad. (2-cycle)

Claire Kruithof, Madras College, St Andrews proved that 24 and 64 are the only 2 digit fixed points in base 8. This is Claire's proof:

"We wanted to see if there would be any more fixed points so we used algebra. The number following $ab$ is $a^2 + b^2$ where $a$ and $b$ are between 0 and 7. For a fixed point we have:

$a^2 + b^2 = 8a + b$ $b^2 - b = 8a - a^2$ $b(b - 1) = a (8 - a)$

Searching for possibilities
 B a 1 x 0 = 0 7 x 1 = 7 2 x 1 = 2 6 x 2 = 12 3 x 2 = 6 5 x 3 = 15 4 x 3 = 12 4 x 4 = 16 5 x 4 = 20 6 x 5 = 30 7 x 6 = 42

The only possibilities are $a = 2, \ b = 4$ and $a = 6, \ b = 4$.

With more digits the sums of squares are never bigger than some multiple of $7^2$. It can be proved that sequences cannot go on for ever without repeating patterns and so all sequences go into cycles or go to a fixed point. Moreover it can be proved that there are no fixed points with 3 or more digits.