### For What?

Prove that if the integer n is divisible by 4 then it can be written as the difference of two squares.

### Ordered Sums

Let a(n) be the number of ways of expressing the integer n as an ordered sum of 1's and 2's. Let b(n) be the number of ways of expressing n as an ordered sum of integers greater than 1. (i) Calculate a(n) and b(n) for n<8. What do you notice about these sequences? (ii) Find a relation between a(p) and b(q). (iii) Prove your conjectures.

### Triangles Within Triangles

Can you find a rule which connects consecutive triangular numbers?

# In Particular

##### Stage: 4 Challenge Level:

To find two positive integers adding up to 100, one a multiple of 7 and the other a multiple of 11, you can try 7 + 93, 14 + 86, 21 + 79, 28 + 72, 35 + 65, 42 + 58, 49 + 51 and 56 + 44 ... etc. and the only pair satisfying this condition is 56 and 44. Hence $x=8$ and $y=4$ is one particular solution of $7x + 11y =100$ and (it turns out) the only solution where both $x$ and $y$ are positive integers.

Jonathan Gill of St Peters' College, Adelaide restricted his search for solutions of this equation to positive integers and found the solution $x=8$ and $y=4$ by trying values of $x$ from $x=1$ to $x=13$ in turn.

Andaleeb Ahmed, age 17, Woodhouse Sixth Form College, London extended the search for solutions to include negative integers. This is Andaleeb's solution: The equation $7x + 11y = 100$ has solutions:

$\begin{eqnarray} \\ x_1 &=& 8 & \ \ \ & y_1 &=& 4\\ x_2 &=& -3 & \ \ \ & y_2 &=& 11\\ x_3 &=& -14 & \ \ \ & y_3 &=& 18\\ x_4 &=& -25 & \ \ \ & y_4 &=& 25\\ \end{eqnarray}$

From this we notice that the difference between two consecutive $x$ terms is -11 and the difference in $7x$ is therefore -77. The difference between two consecutive $y$ terms is +7 and so the difference in $11y$ is +77. This enables us to deduce the general terms $x_n$ and $y_n$ which are:

$\begin{eqnarray} \\ x_n &=& 8 - 11(n-1)\\ y_n &=& 4 + 7(n-1). \end{eqnarray}$

Thus by substituting any values of $n$ (it can be any integer including 0 and negative integers) in these expressions we can find infinitely many integer solutions of $7x + 11y = 100$.

In general if we can find one particular solution to an equation of this type we can use this method to find an infinite set of solutions.