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This tough nut was cracked by Benjamin Girard, age 18, from Lycee
Pierre Bourdan in Gueret, France, Jonathan Bartlett, age 17,
Brockenhurst College, Hampshire, Annamalai Meena, age 18, VVCE,
Mysore, Karnataka, India, M Ali Khan, age 17 from Horley, Surrey
and Andaleeb Ahmed, age 17, from Woodhouse Sixth Form College,
London using interestingly different methods. Jonathan, Annamalai
and Andaleeb used algebra based on Pythagoras' Theorem while
Benjamin and Ali used trigonometry. We give both methods because
they show important connections between different mathematical
concepts.
First Jonathan, Annamalai and Andaleeb's method. Their solutions
were very well explained and very clear, well done! Jonathan's work
is reproduced here as it arrived first.
Part 1: The distances between the parallel lines are $a=1$ unit and
$b=2$ units. Let $x$ denote the length of the sides of the
equilateral triangle. Labelled Diagram Form three right angled
triangles between each side of the equilateral triangle and the
parallel lines to gain the following three equations based on
Pythagoras Theorem:
\begin{eqnarray} 2^2 + c^2 &=& x^2\quad
&(1) \\ 3^2 + d^2 &=& x^2\quad &(2) \\ 1^2 +
(c+d)^2 &=& x^2.\quad &(3) \end{eqnarray}
Rearrange the first two equations and expand and rearrange the
third:
\begin{eqnarray} c^2 &=& x^2 - 4\quad
&(1) \\ d^2 &=& x^2 - 9\quad &(2) \\ 2cd
&=& x^2 -1 -c^2 - d^2.\quad &(3) \end{eqnarray}
Rearrange the first two equations and expand and rearrange the
third: Substitute (1) and (2) into (3) and simplify: $$ 2cd = 12 -
x^2. $$ Now square both sides: $$ 4c^2d^2 = 144 - 24x^2 + x^4.$$
Substitute (1) and (2) into the left hand side: $$ 4(x^2 - 4)(x^2 -
9)= 144 - 24x^2 + x^4.$$ Multiply out the brackets, simplify and
tidy up: $$ 4x^4 - 52x^2 + 144 = 144 - 24x^2 + x^4$$ $$ 3x^4 =
28x^2$$ $$ x = \sqrt {28/3} = 3.055 \ {\rm (3\ decimal\ places)}.$$
Part 2: The distances between the parallel lines are $a$ and $b$.
\par Following an almost identical process to Part 1:
\begin{eqnarray} c^2 &=& x^2 - b^2 \quad
&(1) \\ d^2 &=& x^2 - (a + b)^2 \quad &(2) \\ x^2
&=& a^2 + (c + d)^2. \quad &(3) \end{eqnarray}
Expand and rearrange (3) and substitute (1) and (2) into (3):
\begin{eqnarray} 2cd &=& x^2 - a^2 -c^2 -
d^2 \\ &=& x^2 - a^2 - x^2 + b^2 - x^2 + a^2 + 2ab + b^2 \\
&=& 2b^2 + 2ab - x^2. \end{eqnarray}
As before, using only elementary algebra, you can obtain an
expression giving $x^2$ in terms of $a$ and $b$ by eliminating $c$
and $d$. Square both sides, substitute for $c^2$ and $d^2$ on the
left hand side, expand, collect like terms and simplify. This
gives: $$ 3x^4 = 4x^2(a^2 + ab + b^2)$$ and hence the length of the
side of the equilateral triangle is given by: $$ x = \sqrt {4(a^2 +
ab + b^2)/3}.$$
Comment: The algebraic method gives the exact answer. Mathematical
methods for constructing diagrams using only a ruler and compasses
depend on it being possible to calculate lengths using only the
four arithmetic operations, exponents and square roots.
Benjamin's method is elegant and also very well explained. It uses
trigonometry involving more advanced techniques and 'heavier
mathematical machinery' to crack the problem and gives the length
$x$ in terms of an inverse tangent function." Labelled Diagram We
have $\cos \alpha = {a \over x}$ and $\cos \beta = {b \over x}$. So
$$ {\cos \alpha \over \cos \beta} = {a \over b}$$ with $\alpha
+\beta = {2\pi \over 3}$. \par From this, for any given values of
$a$ and $b$, we can find $\beta$ and the value of $x$. We use $\cos
{2\pi \over 3} = -{1 \over 2}$ and $\sin {2\pi \over 3} = {\sqrt3
\over 2}$.
\begin{eqnarray} & {\cos (2\pi /3 - \beta)
\over \cos \beta} = {a \over b}\\ \Longleftrightarrow & {{\cos
2\pi /3 \cos \beta + \sin 2\pi /3 \sin \beta}\over \cos \beta} = {a
\over b} \\ \Longleftrightarrow & \cos 2\pi /3 + \sin 2\pi /3
\tan \beta = {a \over b} \\ \Longleftrightarrow & \tan \beta =
{{2a + b} \over b\sqrt 3} \end{eqnarray}
So we have $\beta$, therefore we have $\cos \beta$ and as we know
$b$ we know $x$.
This result, with $a = 1$ and $b = 2$, gives us $x = 3.055...$.