Days and Dates

Investigate how you can work out what day of the week your birthday will be on next year, and the year after...

Plum Tree

Label this plum tree graph to make it totally magic!

Magic W

Find all the ways of placing the numbers 1 to 9 on a W shape, with 3 numbers on each leg, so that each set of 3 numbers has the same total.

Pareq Calc

Stage: 4 Challenge Level:

This tough nut was cracked by Benjamin Girard, age 18, from Lycee Pierre Bourdan in Gueret, France, Jonathan Bartlett, age 17, Brockenhurst College, Hampshire, Annamalai Meena, age 18, VVCE, Mysore, Karnataka, India, M Ali Khan, age 17 from Horley, Surrey and Andaleeb Ahmed, age 17, from Woodhouse Sixth Form College, London using interestingly different methods. Jonathan, Annamalai and Andaleeb used algebra based on Pythagoras' Theorem while Benjamin and Ali used trigonometry. We give both methods because they show important connections between different mathematical concepts.

First Jonathan, Annamalai and Andaleeb's method. Their solutions were very well explained and very clear, well done! Jonathan's work is reproduced here as it arrived first.

Part 1: The distances between the parallel lines are $a=1$ unit and $b=2$ units. Let $x$ denote the length of the sides of the equilateral triangle. Labelled Diagram Form three right angled triangles between each side of the equilateral triangle and the parallel lines to gain the following three equations based on Pythagoras Theorem:
\begin{eqnarray} 2^2 + c^2 &=& x^2\quad &(1) \\ 3^2 + d^2 &=& x^2\quad &(2) \\ 1^2 + (c+d)^2 &=& x^2.\quad &(3) \end{eqnarray}
Rearrange the first two equations and expand and rearrange the third:
\begin{eqnarray} c^2 &=& x^2 - 4\quad &(1) \\ d^2 &=& x^2 - 9\quad &(2) \\ 2cd &=& x^2 -1 -c^2 - d^2.\quad &(3) \end{eqnarray}
Rearrange the first two equations and expand and rearrange the third: Substitute (1) and (2) into (3) and simplify: $$2cd = 12 - x^2.$$ Now square both sides: $$4c^2d^2 = 144 - 24x^2 + x^4.$$ Substitute (1) and (2) into the left hand side: $$4(x^2 - 4)(x^2 - 9)= 144 - 24x^2 + x^4.$$ Multiply out the brackets, simplify and tidy up: $$4x^4 - 52x^2 + 144 = 144 - 24x^2 + x^4$$ $$3x^4 = 28x^2$$ $$x = \sqrt {28/3} = 3.055 \ {\rm (3\ decimal\ places)}.$$

Part 2: The distances between the parallel lines are $a$ and $b$. \par Following an almost identical process to Part 1:
\begin{eqnarray} c^2 &=& x^2 - b^2 \quad &(1) \\ d^2 &=& x^2 - (a + b)^2 \quad &(2) \\ x^2 &=& a^2 + (c + d)^2. \quad &(3) \end{eqnarray}
Expand and rearrange (3) and substitute (1) and (2) into (3):
\begin{eqnarray} 2cd &=& x^2 - a^2 -c^2 - d^2 \\ &=& x^2 - a^2 - x^2 + b^2 - x^2 + a^2 + 2ab + b^2 \\ &=& 2b^2 + 2ab - x^2. \end{eqnarray}
As before, using only elementary algebra, you can obtain an expression giving $x^2$ in terms of $a$ and $b$ by eliminating $c$ and $d$. Square both sides, substitute for $c^2$ and $d^2$ on the left hand side, expand, collect like terms and simplify. This gives: $$3x^4 = 4x^2(a^2 + ab + b^2)$$ and hence the length of the side of the equilateral triangle is given by: $$x = \sqrt {4(a^2 + ab + b^2)/3}.$$

Comment: The algebraic method gives the exact answer. Mathematical methods for constructing diagrams using only a ruler and compasses depend on it being possible to calculate lengths using only the four arithmetic operations, exponents and square roots.

Benjamin's method is elegant and also very well explained. It uses trigonometry involving more advanced techniques and 'heavier mathematical machinery' to crack the problem and gives the length $x$ in terms of an inverse tangent function." Labelled Diagram We have $\cos \alpha = {a \over x}$ and $\cos \beta = {b \over x}$. So $${\cos \alpha \over \cos \beta} = {a \over b}$$ with $\alpha +\beta = {2\pi \over 3}$. \par From this, for any given values of $a$ and $b$, we can find $\beta$ and the value of $x$. We use $\cos {2\pi \over 3} = -{1 \over 2}$ and $\sin {2\pi \over 3} = {\sqrt3 \over 2}$.
\begin{eqnarray} & {\cos (2\pi /3 - \beta) \over \cos \beta} = {a \over b}\\ \Longleftrightarrow & {{\cos 2\pi /3 \cos \beta + \sin 2\pi /3 \sin \beta}\over \cos \beta} = {a \over b} \\ \Longleftrightarrow & \cos 2\pi /3 + \sin 2\pi /3 \tan \beta = {a \over b} \\ \Longleftrightarrow & \tan \beta = {{2a + b} \over b\sqrt 3} \end{eqnarray}

So we have $\beta$, therefore we have $\cos \beta$ and as we know $b$ we know $x$.

This result, with $a = 1$ and $b = 2$, gives us $x = 3.055...$.