This problem is in two parts. The first uses logic in the context of English language whereas the second uses logic in the clearer context of mathematics


Part 1. Which of the following are certainly true, which are certainly false. How many statements form equivalent pairs? Are there any parts of the problem which are debatable or unclear?




These ideas will help you to understand part 2.


Part 2. In mathematical logic the implication arrows $\Rightarrow$ and $\Leftrightarrow$ are used to connect expressions as follows:

$p\Rightarrow q$ means 'IF $p$ is true THEN $q$ is true.

$p\Leftrightarrow q$ means both $p\Rightarrow q$ AND $q \Rightarrow p$ simultaneously.


Convince yourself that
$$
\left(p\Rightarrow q\right) \Leftrightarrow \left((NOT q) \Rightarrow (NOT p)\right)
$$

The expression on the right is called the contrapositive of the statement on the left. Since they are linked by $\Leftrightarrow$, proving one side will automatically prove the other.

Consider these statements involving positive integers $n$ and $m$.

1: $n+m$ is odd $\Rightarrow n\neq m$.

2: $n+m$ is even $\Rightarrow$ $n$ and $m$ are either both even or both odd

3: $n^2$ is even $\Rightarrow n$ is even.

4: $n^3$ is odd $\Rightarrow n$ is odd.

5: $n$ mod (4) = 2 or 3 $\Rightarrow$ $n$ is not a perfect square.

Write out the contrapositive versions of these statements and use these to prove the statements. You can assume that an even number can be written as $2N$ and an odd number as $2M+1$.