### Giant Holly Leaf

Find the perimeter and area of a holly leaf that will not lie flat (it has negative curvature with 'circles' having circumference greater than 2πr).

### Contact

A circular plate rolls in contact with the sides of a rectangular tray. How much of its circumference comes into contact with the sides of the tray when it rolls around one circuit?

### Illusion

A security camera, taking pictures each half a second, films a cyclist going by. In the film, the cyclist appears to go forward while the wheels appear to go backwards. Why?

# Rolling Inside

##### Stage: 4 Short Challenge Level:

$4/\pi$

The circumference of the circle is $2\pi$. This is the distance its centre moves each time the circle rolls for one revolution. When the circle moves from one corner to an adjacent corner, its centre moves a distance 2, so the circle makes $1/\pi$ revolutions. As it needs to do this four times before the circle returns to its original position, the number of revolutions is $4/\pi$.

This problem is taken from the UKMT Mathematical Challenges.
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