### Matchsticks

Reasoning about the number of matches needed to build squares that share their sides.

### Doplication

We can arrange dots in a similar way to the 5 on a dice and they usually sit quite well into a rectangular shape. How many altogether in this 3 by 5? What happens for other sizes?

### The Great Tiling Count

Compare the numbers of particular tiles in one or all of these three designs, inspired by the floor tiles of a church in Cambridge.

# Tables Without Tens

##### Stage: 2 Challenge Level:

Those who submitted solutions found that there are many different and interesting patterns to be found in this problem. In addition, some tried to find explanations for these patterns, which was great. As well as being fun, this problem should also help with learning the times tables, as a student from Devagiri CMI Public School, Calicut in Kerala, India found out.

Firstly, let's look at the symmetrical patterns that a few of you found in the tables.

The numbers along the diagonals of the full, completed square show a pattern, as these people discovered: Katie from Sir Jonathan North CC, Isabel and Eleanor from The Manor Prep, Veronika, Miriam, Albin, Carolien and Erin from the Independent Bonn International School, Nitya Andrew and Sydney from Ysgol Pen Y Bryn School in Wales, and a student from Devagiri CMI Public School, Calicut.

Katie found that the diagonal lines follow the rule of symmetry. Isabel and Eleanor described this:

The second half of the diagonal is repeated by the same as the first half but backwards.

Nitya, Andrew and Sydney mentioned the pattern using numbers to illustrate:

In the right top corner the diagonal downwards numbers (i.e. from top right to bottom left) are $0, 9, 6, 1, 4$ and on the left hand bottom corners the diagonal upwards numbers are also $0, 9, 6, 1, 4$. It is as if the numbers are reflected in a mirror.

Veronika, Miriam, Albin, Carolien and Erin from the Independent Bonn International School noticed "symmetry" with the rows for three and seven. They pointed out:

Looking at the sevens, we found out that the numbers were the same as the threes in reverse.

The student from Devagiri CMI Public School also found this.

A few people also found a symmetrical pattern when loooking at the five times tables. Here, the only digits in the table are $5$ and $0$. These numbers form a cross-like pattern, running vertically and horizontally through the middle of the table. The repetition of "$5$" and "$0$" should help with remembering the five times tables: the "member of the table" always ends with either a $5$ or $0$ and these alternate. Also, it can show you quickly if a number can be divided by five with no remainder: if this is true, the number must end in a "$5$" or "$0$".

Sam from the Orchard Community Primary School looked at patterns along the columns and rows:

The same pattern occurs from the same digit on both the rows and the columns.

For example, look at the sequence of numbers for the two times table, starting in the second row from number two: $2, 4, 6, 8, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0$. Now look at the third column, starting from number two. This is the same: $2, 4, 6, 8, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0$. This is the same if you start from the number three, or four, or five ...

A student from North Walsham Junior School found this too, as did Nitya, Andrew and Sydney from Ysgol Pen Y Bryn.

Luke from Tudhoe Grange found another pattern, but this time it is along the edges of the square. He discovered that in the first column and the last column (ignoring the columns of zeros), there are all of the numbers from $0$ to $9$. Furthermore, the numbers are in order: the sequence increases by one unit going down on the left hand side, and decreases by one unit when going down the right hand side. The same is seen for the first and last rows (ignoring the rows of zeros).

James from Thornton Dales and James from Tudhoe Grange found a similar sort of pattern. James from Tudhoe Grange describes this:

The end result shows that the numbers go up in the first column in $1$s then the next column in $2$s and so on. The pattern continues on to $10$s.

Francesca and Katie went on to explain:

The patterns occur because all you are doing is timesing the number of the first column by the number of whichever number of row you want to create the numbers for e.g if you want to find the number for the second column in the third row you would times three by two equalling six because you times the row by the column. By this method you can create the whole table.

Some people found patterns when looking at odd and even numbers in the table. For example, George from Summerswood Primary found that the first line (for the one times table) has alternating odd and even numbers, whilst the second line has all even numbers. For the three times table, the numbers are alternating odd and even and for the four times table, all numbers are even. This pattern repeats itself ...

A student from Devagiri CMI Public School also noticed this. He explains:

In the Tables of Even numbers, the units are always even , while in the Tables of Odd numbers, alternate units are odd and even.

He noticed this general rule: when multiplying two odd numbers, the units are always odd. You only get an even number if you multiply by an even number. So, to get an even number for an answer, an even number must be involved in the multiplication.

Using this rule he reasoned:

In the times tables of even numbers all the answers are even numbers, because an even number is always involved. In the times tables of odd numbers, only half the answers are odd numbers and the other half even numbers. This is because you only mulitply the odd number by an even number half of the time.

As we have seen, we can find patterns just by looking at the numbers in the tables. Also, we can try to find further patterns by adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing various sets of numbers.

Luke from Tudhow Grange and a student from Devagiri CMI Public School looked at patterns found when adding numbers. The student from India found complements of ten in the table (complements are numbers that go together in some way). He noticed:

For each of the times tables, the units place starts with its own respective number and ends with its complement of $10$. For example, let us consider the one times table. This table starts with $1$, and ends in $9$, and $1+9= 10$. So, $1$ and $9$ are complements of ten. This pattern extends further.

Let's stay with the one times table. The second number in the row ($2$ for the one times table) and the second last in the sequence ($8$) are complements in $10$ since $2+8=10$. This is true for the third and third last numbers ($3+7=10$). This is also the case for the fourth and fourth last numbers ($4+6=10$). For the fifth number, you add it to itself ($5+5=10$).

This pattern is seen for all of the times tables. Try this for yourself, by looking along the rows of the different times tables. Now look at the columns. Do you see the same complements of tens?