### Baby Circle

A small circle fits between two touching circles so that all three circles touch each other and have a common tangent? What is the exact radius of the smallest circle?

### Logosquares

Ten squares form regular rings either with adjacent or opposite vertices touching. Calculate the inner and outer radii of the rings that surround the squares.

### Two Trees

Two trees 20 metres and 30 metres long, lean across a passageway between two vertical walls. They cross at a point 8 metres above the ground. What is the distance between the foot of the trees?

# Square World

##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:

This beautifully neat solution was sent in by Johnny Chen.

If we rotate the figure by $90$ degrees about $B$ (clockwise). This should result in a new square $A'BC'D'$ with a point $P'$ inside the new square such that, $\angle PBP'=90^{\circ}$ and $BP=BP'=2$. By Pythagoras, $PP'= \sqrt 8$. Now consider triangle $AP'P$. The side lengths are $3$, $\sqrt 8$, and $1$ which satisfies Pythagoras again: $3^2 - 1^2 = (\sqrt 8)^2$.

So this triangle has $90$ degrees at $\angle P'PA$. Since we know that $\angle BPP'=45^{\circ}$ therefore $\angle BPA$ is $135$ degrees.

This alternative method comes from Yatir from Maccabim-Reut High School, Israel.

$AB=BC=CD=AD=x$, $BP=2$, $CP=3$, $AP=1$. Name the angles this way: $\angle ABP = c$, $\angle CBP = 90-c$, $\angle APB = a$, $\angle CPB = b$.

We need to find angle $a$. By the Sine Law:

$${x \over \sin b} = {3 \over \sin(90-c)} = {3\over \cos c}$$

and

$${x\over \sin a} = {1 \over \sin c}$$

Hence $\sin c = \sin a /x$, $\cos c = 3\sin b /x$ and we use the identity $\sin ^2 c + \cos ^2 c = 1$ to eliminate $c$. So

\eqalign { \sin ^2 (a/x^2) + 9\sin ^2 (b / x^2) &= 1 \cr \sin ^2 b &= (x^2 - \sin^2 a)/9.}

Using the Cosine Law we find $\cos b$ and then eliminate $b$: $$x^2 = 9 + 4 - 12 \cos b$$ so $$\cos^2 b = [(13-x^2)/12]^2.$$

Using the identity $\sin^2 b + \cos^2 b = 1$ we get $$(x^2 - \sin ^2 a)/9 + [(13 - x^2)^2]/144 = 1 \quad (1).$$

Finally we eliminate $x$. By the Cosine Law $x^2 = 4 + 1 - 4\cos a$ so

$$x^2 = 5 - 4 \cos a \quad (2).$$

Combine (1) and (2) and simplify and we get: $$2 \cos^2 a /9 + 8 /9 = 1$$ hence $\cos^2 a = 1/2.$

This yields solutions: $a=45$ or $a=135$ degrees.

Now this angle cannot be $45$ degrees because angle $c$ is smaller ($AP$ is the shortest side of triangle $APB$) and the third angle of the triangle is less than $90$ degrees. Hence angle $a$ is $135$ degrees.