### Geoboards

This practical challenge invites you to investigate the different squares you can make on a square geoboard or pegboard.

### Polydron

This activity investigates how you might make squares and pentominoes from Polydron.

If you had 36 cubes, what different cuboids could you make?

# Worms

## Worms

Imagine a square patch of ground in a garden, and because it's a good garden there are worms around, and they feed from the soil. Well, I've taken an imaginary square and given it the numbers 1 to 100.

You've probably come across number squares like this in maths sometimes at school. So each part of this square piece of ground has a number. But now, suppose that the centre piece of this square is what the worm likes to eat most of all. So I've taken the centre 16 squares and made them a little darker.

You will probably notice that the lowest number in this square is 34 and the highest is 67. Well, that's enough about the ground. What about the worm? The worm will be 4 squares long and to make sure we know which is the head and which is the tail I've coloured the head part differently.

Of course the worm can bend itself in different ways. But I'm going to suggest that on this occasion it has 4 square parts [like 4 multilink] which have to be joined edge to edge in the "normal'' way. Here are three examples that would be O.K., and one which is not because the head is not at the end of the body!

Now, to set up the challenge. With a square in front of you, with the numbers 1 to 100 marked on as shown and the centre 16 squares marked in some special way, place your worm, perhaps made out of multilink, on the square. [Multilink are 2 cm long so get hold of some 2 cm squared paper; the backing paper for some "taky-back'' film is just the right size.] When you place your worm you have to make sure that the head is on one of the centre squares that are shaded differently. The head stays there, but while the worm is eating it wriggles and changes the shape of its body, in as many different ways as it can. Here are just three of the many ways in which the worm can be, and I've placed its head on the number 34.

The challenge is to:-

1. Find all the shapes and positions that the worm can be with its head fixed in the one place [in my example, on number 34, but you can choose any of those 16 squares]. Don't forget about the worm's body going North, South, East and West.
2. Add up the numbers that the worm is on, that is the numbers that the head and the rest of the body are resting on. [In my first example 34 + 33 + 43 + 53 = 163; 2 nd example gives 34 + 33 + 23 + 13 = 103; 3 rd example gives 34 + 33 + 23 + 22 =112.]
3. Find a good way of recording your results
1. so that you can make sure you do not do the same one twice and
2. so that you can compare the results easily.

Well, that's really it! Of course at the end you have to say "I wonder what would happen if I ...?''.

### Why do this problem?

This activity is a fun activity that involves addition as well as spacial awareness. It allows pupils to extend their knowledge of both in an accessible environment.

### Possible approach

I have used this activity with whole classes and small groups of children. I prepared the grid sheets for them and asked them to get four multilink each, three of one colour and one of a different colour. (Here is a $100$ square that you can print off.)

It was good to see the invented methods the children used to record their results. Some used loads of different coloured crayons and drew them on the sheet. Others created little pictures or diagrams and the sums that went with them.

There are a few rather surprising things that occur and it is good for the children to find out why. It shows a lot about children's number awareness with numbers going up and down in tens, and up and down in units. When they had finished with the head in one square they compared their results with others who had started somewhere different.

Finally I gave them the option of numbering the $100$ square in a different manner. I do recommend this as a very interesting thing to do. There are lots of possibilities and they result in all kinds of answers when the same rules apply as they had at the start.

### Key questions

What's the largest total you've seen so far?

### Possible extension

Using different sizes of worms and/or different sizes of field and then compare. One child once came up with the idea of allowing the worms to bend upwards so that you had two or more parts over the same number. So we'd see something like this:
So it had its head on $64$ and three parts all on $63$: $64 + 63 + 63 + 63 = 253$

### For the exceptionally mathematically able

What is the effect of numbering the $100$ square in a different way. Examine the $4x4$ square in the middle. Which way of numbering gets the largest/smallest numbers in this central square?
Consider other shapes to the field and new ways of numbering the smaller areas inside. eg. a hexagonal/octagonal field.

### Possible support

Some support is sometimes necessary for some pupils and separating the two elements out may help. So we make all the different shapes of worms with cubes first and then consider where the head will go.