### Real(ly) Numbers

If x, y and z are real numbers such that: x + y + z = 5 and xy + yz + zx = 3. What is the largest value that any of the numbers can have?

### How Many Solutions?

Find all the solutions to the this equation.

### After Thought

Which is larger cos(sin x) or sin(cos x) ? Does this depend on x ?

# Exponential Trend

##### Stage: 5 Challenge Level:

Well done Curt from Reigate College for this solution.

If $G(x)=e^{f(x)}$, by the chain rule:

$$G'(x)=e^{f(x)} \times f'(x).$$

As $e$ is never zero, the gradient function of $G(x)$ is zero when the gradient function of $f(x)$ is zero and it always has the same sign as $f'(x)$ so $G(x)$ and $f(x)$ have the same turning points.

To answer the question of turning points of $G(x)=x^{1\over x}= e^{1/x\log x}$ let's first find the derivative of ${1\over x}\log x$.

$${d\over dx }f(x)={d\over dx }({1\over x}\log x) = {{1-\log x}\over x^2}.$$

The derivative is positive for $\log x < 1$, that is $x< e$, it is is zero when $\log x = 1$, $x = e$ and it is negative for $x> e$. Hence the function is increasing for $x< e$ and decreasing for $x> e$.

$${d^2\over dx^2 }({1\over x}\log x)= {{-x-2x(1-\log x)}\over x^4 }= {{2\log x -3}\over x^3}.$$

At $x=e$ the second derivative of $f(x)$ is $-1/e^3$ which is negative so $f(x)$ has a maximum and so $G(x)$ has a maximum. Therefore $(e, e^{1/e})$ is a maximum point of $G(x)=x^{1\over x}$.

To prove $\lim x^{1\over x} \rightarrow 1$ as $x\rightarrow \infty$ we may use the similar result for the discrete case $n^{1\over n}$. As the graph of $f(x)=x^{1\over x}$ is decreasing as $x\to \infty$ for each value of $x$ there is a value of $n$ for which $n^{1/n}< x^{1/x}$ and vice versa so both tend to the same limit which is $1$.

What if $x\rightarrow 0$? Well, as suggested in the question, letting $1/x=t$ in $x^{1\over x}$, one can note that as $x\rightarrow 0$, $t\rightarrow \infty$. Writing $t=1/x$, $$x^{1/x} = \left ({1\over t}\right )^t = {1\over t^t}.$$ As $x\to 0$ we have $t\to \infty$ and $t^t \to \infty$ so $$x^{1/x} = {1\over t^t} \to 0$$.

Hence the graph of $y=x^{1/x}$ is always above the line $y=0$ although the function is undefined at $x=0$.